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Constantius Chlorus

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Constantius Chlorus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait usually identified with that of Constantius, <a href="Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 305 – 25 July 306 (with <a href="Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> in the <a href="Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">East</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a> (officially) <a href="Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> (rebelled)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 293 – 1 May 305</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Flavius Constantius 31 March <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250 <a href="Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 306 (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 56) <a href="Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a>, <a href="Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> (present-day <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="England" title="England">England</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Helena%2C_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Helena</a> (disputed) and <a href="Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Theodora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Family">among others</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li><li><a href="Flavius_Dalmatius" title="Flavius Dalmatius">Flavius Dalmatius</a></li><li><a href="Julius_Constantius" title="Julius Constantius">Julius Constantius</a></li><li><a href="Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Marcus Flavius Constantius Augustus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Claudia_(mother_of_Constantius)" title="Claudia (mother of Constantius)">Claudia</a> (alleged)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Flavius Valerius Constantius (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250 – 25 July 306), also called Constantius I, was a <a href="Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 305 to 306. He was one of the four original members of the <a href="Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a> established by <a href="Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, first serving as <a href="Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a> from 293 to 305 and then ruling as <a href="Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a> until his death. Constantius was also father of <a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, the first Christian emperor of Rome. The nickname "Chlorus" (<a href="Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw external" title="wikt:χλωρός">Χλωρός</a>, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'the Pale') was first popularized by <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>-era historians and not used during the emperor's lifetime.

As an <a href="Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian soldier</a> of humble origin, Constantius had a distinguished military career and rose to the top ranks of the army. Around 289, he set aside <a href="Helena_(mother_of_Constantine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (mother of Constantine)">Helena</a>, Constantine's mother, to marry a daughter of Emperor <a href="Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>, and in 293 was added to the imperial college by Maximian's colleague Diocletian. Assigned to rule <a href="Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>, Constantius defeated the usurper <a href="Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a> there and his successor <a href="Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a> in <a href="Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>, and campaigned extensively along the <a href="Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Rhine frontier</a>, defeating the <a href="Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> and <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. When the <a href="Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> was announced in 303, Constantius ordered the demolition of churches but did not actively hunt down Christians in his domain.<a href="#cite_note-odla-9">[8]</a> Upon becoming senior emperor in May 305, Constantius launched a successful punitive campaign against the <a href="Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> beyond the <a href="Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> He died suddenly at <a href="Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (<a href="York" title="York">York</a>) in July the following year.

After Constantius's death, the army, perhaps at his own instigation, immediately acclaimed his son <a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> as emperor. This act contributed to the collapse of the Diocletianic tetrarchy, sparking a series of civil wars which only ended when Constantine finally united the whole Roman Empire under his rule in 324. According to the <a href="Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a>, "Constantinian propaganda bedevils assessment of Constantius, yet he appears to have been an able general and a generous ruler".<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> His descendants, the <a href="Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a>, ruled the Empire until the death of his grandson <a href="Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> in 363.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3></div>

Constantius's birthday was 31 March; the year is unknown, but his career and the age of his eldest son imply a date no later than c. 250.<a href="#cite_note-barnes-2">[2]</a> Constantius was an <a href="Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdahl201040-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray221-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> He was born in <a href="Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a> (later <a href="Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-ODB-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMwIiAgAAQBAJpgPA30_30]-14">[13]</a> a <a href="Roman_province#Late_Antiquity" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> on the south bank of the <a href="Middle_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a>. According to the unreliable <a href="Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> he was the son of Eutropius, a <a href="Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> from the province of <a href="Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a>, and <a href="Claudia_(mother_of_Constantius)" title="Claudia (mother of Constantius)">Claudia</a>, a niece of the emperors <a href="Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a> and <a href="Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> The same source also gives Claudius the nomina "<a href="Flavia_gens" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a> <a href="Valeria_gens" title="Valeria gens">Valerius</a>" to strengthen his connection to Constantius.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Modern historians suspect this maternal connection to be a genealogical <a href="Lie#Fabrication" title="Lie">fabrication</a> created by his son <a href="Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> and that his family was of humble origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris227-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODB-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[c]</a> Constantine probably sought to dissociate his father's background from the memory of Maximian.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[17]</a>

Constantius was a member of the <a href="Protectores_Augusti_Nostri" title="Protectores Augusti Nostri">Protectores Augusti Nostri</a> under the emperor <a href="Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> and fought in the east against the secessionist <a href="Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._288-21">[18]</a> While the claim that he had been made a <a href="Dux" title="Dux">dux</a> under the emperor <a href="Marcus_Aurelius_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius Probus">Probus</a> is probably a fabrication,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris228-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> he certainly attained the rank of <a href="Tribunus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunus">tribunus</a> within the army, and during the reign of <a href="Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a> he was raised to the position of <a href="Praeses" title="Praeses">praeses</a>, or governor, of the province of <a href="Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> It has been conjectured that he switched allegiances to support the claims of the future emperor <a href="Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> just before Diocletian defeated <a href="Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a>, the son of Carus, at the <a href="Battle_of_the_Margus" title="Battle of the Margus">Battle of the Margus</a> in July 285.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a>

In 286, Diocletian elevated a military colleague, <a href="Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>, to the throne as co-emperor of the western provinces,<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._142-26">[23]</a> while Diocletian took over the eastern provinces, beginning the process that would eventually see the division of the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> into two halves, a <a href="Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a> and an <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a> portion. By 288, his period as governor now over, Constantius had been made <a href="Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> in the west under Maximian.<a href="#cite_note-DiMaio,_Constantine_I_Chlorus-27">[24]</a> Throughout 287 and into 288, Constantius, under the command of Maximian, was involved in a war against the <a href="Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, carrying out attacks on the territory of the <a href="Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> tribes across the <a href="Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._142-26">[23]</a> To consolidate the ties between himself and Emperor Maximian, Constantius married the emperor's daughter, <a href="Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Theodora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._288-21">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_as_Caesar">Elevation as Caesar</h3></div>

By 293, <a href="Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, conscious of the ambitions of his co-emperor for his new son-in-law, allowed Maximian to promote Constantius in a new power sharing arrangement known as the <a href="Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>. The eastern and western provinces would each be ruled by an <a href="Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">augustus</a>, supported by a <a href="Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a>. Both caesares had the right of succession once the ruling augustus died.<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._145-28">[25]</a>

At <a href="Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (<a href="Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>) on 1 March 293, Constantius was formally appointed as Maximian's caesar.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> He adopted Diocletian's <a href="Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">nomen</a> (family name) "Valerius", and, being equated with Maximian, also took on "Herculius".<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._147-30">[27]</a> His given command consisted of <a href="Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> and possibly <a href="Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. <a href="Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, the eastern augustus, in order to keep the balance of power in the imperium,<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._145-28">[25]</a> elevated <a href="Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> as his caesar, possibly on 21 May 293 at <a href="Philippopolis_(Thrace)" title="Philippopolis (Thrace)">Philippopolis</a> (<a href="Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._288-21">[18]</a> Constantius was the more senior of the two caesares, and on official documents he always took precedence, being mentioned before Galerius.<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._147-30">[27]</a> Constantius's capital was to be located at <a href="Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a> (<a href="Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>).<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a>

Constantius's first task on becoming caesar was to deal with the <a href="Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Roman usurper</a> <a href="Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a> who had declared himself emperor in Britannia and northern Gaul in 286.<a href="#cite_note-Potter,_pg._288-21">[18]</a> In late 293, Constantius defeated the forces of Carausius in Gaul, capturing Bononia (<a href="Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Carausius was then assassinated by his <a href="Rationalis" title="Rationalis">rationalis</a> (finance officer) <a href="Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a>, who assumed command of the British provinces until his death in 296.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a>

Constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> who were the allies of Allectus,<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._149-34">[31]</a> as northern Gaul remained under the control of the British usurper until at least 295.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> He also battled against the <a href="Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, achieving some victories at the mouth of the <a href="Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in 295.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Administrative concerns meant he made at least one trip to Italy during this time as well.<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._149-34">[31]</a> Only when he felt ready (and only when Maximian finally came to relieve him at the Rhine frontier)<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._150-37">[34]</a> did he assemble two invasion fleets with the intent of crossing the <a href="English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. The first was entrusted to <a href="Julius_Asclepiodotus" title="Julius Asclepiodotus">Julius Asclepiodotus</a>, Constantius's long-serving <a href="Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a>, who sailed from the mouth of the <a href="Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, while the other, under the command of Constantius himself, was launched from his base at Bononia.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> The fleet under Asclepiodotus landed near the <a href="Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, and his army encountered the forces of Allectus, resulting in the defeat and death of the usurper.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Constantius in the meantime occupied <a href="Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> (<a href="London" title="London">London</a>),<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> saving the city from an attack by <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> mercenaries who were now roaming the province without a paymaster. Constantius massacred all of them.<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._150-37">[34]</a>

Constantius remained in Britannia for a few months, replaced most of Allectus's officers, and the British provinces were probably at this time subdivided along the lines of Diocletian's other administrative reforms of the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> The result was the division of <a href="Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a> into <a href="Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a> and <a href="Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia Prima</a>, while <a href="Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a> and <a href="Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia Secunda</a> were carved out of <a href="Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a>. He also restored <a href="Hadrian's_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> and its forts.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a>

Later in 298, Constantius fought in the <a href="Battle_of_Lingones" title="Battle of Lingones">Battle of Lingones</a> (<a href="Langres" title="Langres">Langres</a>) against the <a href="Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>. He was shut up in the city, but was relieved by his army after six hours and defeated the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> He <a href="Battle_of_Vindonissa" title="Battle of Vindonissa">defeated them again at Vindonissa</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> thereby strengthening the defences of the <a href="Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> frontier. In 300, he fought against the <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> on the Rhine frontier,<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._152-46">[43]</a> and as part of his overall strategy to buttress the frontier, Constantius settled the Franks in the deserted parts of <a href="Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> to repopulate the devastated areas.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Nevertheless, over the next three years the Rhine frontier continued to occupy Constantius's attention.<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._152-46">[43]</a>

From 303 – the beginning of the <a href="Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> – Constantius began to enforce the imperial edicts dealing with the <a href="Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution of Christians</a>, which ordered the destruction of <a href="Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[17]</a> The campaign was avidly pursued by <a href="Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>, who noticed that Constantius was well-disposed towards the <a href="Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, and who saw it as a method of advancing his career prospects with the aging Diocletian.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Of the four Tetrarchs, Constantius made the least effort to implement the decrees in the western provinces that were under his direct authority,<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> limiting himself to knocking down a handful of churches.<a href="#cite_note-DiMaio,_Constantine_I_Chlorus-27">[24]</a> <a href="Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> denied that Constantius destroyed Christian buildings, but <a href="Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> records that he did.<a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_as_Augustus_and_death">Accession as Augustus and death</h3></div>

Between 303 and 305, Galerius began maneuvering to ensure that he would be in a position to take power from Constantius after the death of Diocletian.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> In 304, Maximian met with Galerius, probably to discuss the succession issue and Constantius either was not invited or could not make it due to the situation on the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._152-46">[43]</a> Although prior to 303 there appeared to be tacit agreement among the Tetrarchs that Constantius's son <a href="Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> and Maximian's son <a href="Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> were to be promoted to the rank of caesar once Diocletian and Maximian had resigned the purple,<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> by the end of 304 Galerius had convinced Diocletian (who in turn convinced Maximian) to appoint Galerius's nominees <a href="Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus</a> and <a href="Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus</a> as caesares.<a href="#cite_note-Southern,_pg._152-46">[43]</a>

Diocletian and Maximian stepped down as co-emperors on 1 May 305, possibly due to Diocletian's poor health.<a href="#cite_note-DiMaio,_Constantine_I_Chlorus-27">[24]</a> Before the assembled armies at Mediolanum, Maximian removed his purple cloak and handed it to Severus, the new caesar, and proclaimed Constantius as augustus. The same scene played out at <a href="Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> (<a href="%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>) under the authority of Diocletian.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Constantius, notionally the senior emperor, ruled the western provinces, while Galerius took the eastern provinces. Constantine, disappointed in his hopes to become a caesar, fled the court of Galerius after Constantius had asked Galerius to release his son as Constantius was ill.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Constantine joined his father's court at the coast of Gaul, just as he was preparing to campaign in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a>

In 305, Constantius crossed over into Britain, travelled to the far north of the island and launched a military expedition against the <a href="Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, claiming a victory against them and the title Britannicus Maximus II by 7 January 306.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> After retiring to <a href="Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (<a href="York" title="York">York</a>) for the winter, Constantius had planned to continue the campaign, but on 25 July 306 he died.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> As he was dying, Constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor;<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> consequently, <a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> was declared emperor by the legions at York.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div>

Constantius was either married to, or was in concubinage with, <a href="Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Constantinople">Helena</a>, who was probably from <a href="Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> in Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> They had one son, the future emperor <a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>.

In 289, political developments forced him to divorce <a href="Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena</a>. He married <a href="Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Theodora</a>, <a href="Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>'s daughter. They had six children:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris228-22">[19]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Flavius_Dalmatius" title="Flavius Dalmatius">Flavius Dalmatius</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Constantius" title="Julius Constantius">Julius Constantius</a></li>

<li>Flavius Hannibalianus</li>

<li><a href="Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></li>

<li><a href="Anastasia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)" title="Anastasia (sister of Constantine I)">Anastasia</a>, married to <a href="Bassianus_(executed_by_Constantine)" title="Bassianus (executed by Constantine)">Bassianus</a></li>

<li><a href="Eutropia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)" title="Eutropia (sister of Constantine I)">Eutropia</a></li></ul>

The name of Anastasia (<a href="Koine_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koine Greek language">Koine Greek</a>: Ἀναστασία, romanized: Anastasía, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'resurrection') may indicate a sympathy with Christian or Jewish culture.<a href="#cite_note-ODB-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></div>

<th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Family of Constantius Chlorus

</th></tr>

<tr>

Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as <a href="Augusti" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusti">Augusti</a>, names with a thicker border appear in both sections

1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings

<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="Helena%2C_mother_of_Constantine_I" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">Helena</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid; border-radius:1em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Constantius Chlorus</li><li>250–306</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Flavia Maximiana Theodora</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>

<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Galla_(wife_of_Julius_Constantius)" title="Galla (wife of Julius Constantius)">Galla</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Julius_Constantius" title="Julius Constantius">Julius Constantius</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Basilina" title="Basilina">Basilina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Licinius_II" title="Licinius II">Licinius II</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Eutropia_(sister_of_Constantine_I)" title="Eutropia (sister of Constantine I)">Eutropia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Virius Nepotianus</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>

<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid; border-radius:1em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li><li>360–363</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid"><a href="Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>

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2: Constantine's children

<tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:3px solid; border-radius:1em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Constantine I</li><li>306–337</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>

<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid; border-radius:1em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li><li>367–383</li></ul></div></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>

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</style><div class="navbar-ct-mini">CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY detailed family tree</div>

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<tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Afranius_Hannibalianus" title="Afranius Hannibalianus">Afranius Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> Western emperor</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>

<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Theodora</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"> Chlorus Western emperor 250-305-306</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Helena_(mother_of_Constantine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (mother of Constantine)">Helena</a> 250–330</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> Western emperor</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>

<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Constantia</a> 293–330 ∞ <a href="Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> 250-308-324-325</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Flavius_Dalmatius" title="Flavius Dalmatius">Flavius Dalmatius</a> censor</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">1.<a href="Galla_(wife_of_Julius_Constantius)" title="Galla (wife of Julius Constantius)">Galla</a> </td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Julius_Constantius" title="Julius Constantius">Julius Constantius</a> d. 337 ∞ 2.Basilina</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Anastasia_(4th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasia (4th century)">Anastasia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Eutropia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a> 289–326</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Constantine_The_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine The Great">Constantine I</a> the Great 272-306-337</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>

<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Dalmatius" title="Dalmatius">Dalmatius</a> caesar</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">(1) <a href="Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">(2) <a href="Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a> 331-360-363</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a> d. 360</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Constantina" title="Constantina">Constantina</a> ∞ 1.<a href="Hannibalianus" title="Hannibalianus">Hannibalianus</a> 2.<a href="Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Constantius Gallus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> 317-337-361 ∞ <a href="Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a> Western emperor 316-337-340</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Constans_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans I">Constans I</a> Western emperor 320-337-350</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">(daughter) ∞ Justus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a> d. 326</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>

<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Jovian_(Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovian (Emperor)">Jovian</a> 331-363-364</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> Western emperor <a href="Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">VALENTINIANIC DYNASTY</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>

<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a> 361–383</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> Western emperor 359-367-383</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> Eastern emperor <a href="Theodosian_dynasty" title="Theodosian dynasty">THEODOSIAN DYNASTY</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>

</tbody></table>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_legends">Christian legends</h3></div>

As the father of Constantine, a number of Christian legends have grown up around Constantius. Eusebius's Life of Constantine claims that Constantius was himself a Christian, although he pretended to be a pagan, and while Caesar under Diocletian, took no part in the Emperor's persecutions.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> It was claimed that his first wife, <a href="Helena_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Constantinople">Helena</a>, found the <a href="True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_legends">British legends</h3></div>

Constantius's activities in Britain were remembered in <a href="Welsh_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh legends">medieval Welsh legend</a>, which frequently confused his family with that of <a href="Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>, who also was said to have wed a <a href="Saint_Elen" title="Saint Elen">Saint Elen</a> and sired a son named Constantine while in Britain. <a href="Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a>'s History of the English identified Constantius's wife Helen as British<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> and <a href="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> repeated the claim in his 1136 <a href="Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">History of the Kings of Britain</a>. Geoffrey related that Constantius was sent to Britain by the <a href="Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> after <a href="Julius_Asclepiodotus" title="Julius Asclepiodotus">Asclepiodotus</a> (here a British king) was overthrown by <a href="King_Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cole">Coel</a> of <a href="Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colchester</a>. Coel submitted to Constantius and agreed to pay tribute to Rome, but died only eight days later. Constantius married his daughter Helena and became <a href="King_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Britain">king of Britain</a>. He and Helena had a son, Constantine, who succeeded to the throne of Britain when his father died at <a href="Eboracum" title="Eboracum">York</a> eleven years later.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> These accounts have no historical validity: Constantius had divorced Helena before he went to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes19813–4-63">[60]</a>

Similarly, the <a href="Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">History of the Britons</a> traditionally ascribed to <a href="Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a><a href="#cite_note-mommy-64">[61]</a> claims the inscribed tomb of "Constantius the Emperor" was still present in the 9th century in the Roman fort of <a href="Segontium" title="Segontium">Segontium</a> (near present-day <a href="Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</a>, in <a href="North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>).<a href="#cite_note-shusher-65">[62]</a> David Nash Ford credited the monument to Constantine, the supposed son of Magnus Maximus and Elen, who was said to have ruled over the area prior to the <a href="Irish_invasions_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish invasions of Wales">Irish invasions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nashford-66">[63]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> This is the name given by <a href="Timothy_D._Barnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Barnes">Timothy D. Barnes</a> and the <a href="Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">ODB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barnes-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODB-3">[3]</a> The <a href="Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire">PLRE</a> omits the <a href="Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a>, but does not elaborate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris227-4">[4]</a> "<a href="Marcus_(praenomen)" title="Marcus (praenomen)">Marcus</a>" appears in some inscriptions,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> but a few others use "<a href="Gaius_(praenomen)" title="Gaius (praenomen)">Gaius</a>" instead.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> This may just be a confusion, as ordinary people "had become unaccustomed to varying praenomina, the last imperial dynasty to differentiate them having been that of <a href="Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>".<a href="#cite_note-names-7">[7]</a> Either way, praenomina were no longer used by this time, and emperors after Galerius stopped using them altogether.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> On the other hand, <a href="Timothy_Barnes_(classicist)" title="Timothy Barnes (classicist)">Timothy Barnes</a> argues that when ancient writers used the words <a href="Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyricum</a> and <a href="Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>/<a href="Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> to describe where Constantius came from, they were speaking of broad geographic terms rather than precise origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMwIiAgAAQBAJpgPA30_30]-14">[13]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> His family probably adopted the name "Flavius" after being granted citizenship by one of these emperors, as it was common for "new Romans" to adopt the names of their former masters.<a href="#cite_note-names-7">[7]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">Epitome de Caesaribus</a></li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBird1994" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aurelius-victor-h.-w.-bird-de-caesaribus-1994-liverpool/mode/2up">Liber de Caesaribus of Sextus Aurelius Victor</a>. Translated by Bird, H. W. Liverpool University Press. 1994.</cite></li>

<li><a href="Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus02_book2.htm">Historia Nova</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1981" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Timothy David (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-674-16530-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7459753">7459753</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2011" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Timothy (2011). Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-405-11727-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-925237-4</bdi></cite></li>

<li>DiMaio, Robert, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321061813/http://www.roman-emperors.org/chlorus.htm">Constantius I Chlorus (305–306 A.D.)</a>", De Imperatoribus Romanis, 1996.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris" class="citation book cs1"><a href="A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A.H.M.</a>; <a href="John_Robert_Martindale" title="John Robert Martindale">J.R. Martindale</a> & <a href="John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">J. Morris</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/227/mode/1up">"Fl. Val. Constantius 12"</a>. <a href="Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire">Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-07233-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKuhoff2001" class="citation book cs1">Kuhoff, Wolfgang (2001). Diokletian und die Epoche der Tetrarchie. Das römische Reich zwischen Krisenbewältigung und Neuaufbau (284–313 n. Chr.). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMurray1999" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Alexander (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBZ2M2qYcoMC">From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1442604131</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOdahl2010" class="citation book cs1">Odahl, Charles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=770uCgAAQBAJ">Constantine and the Christian Empire</a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1136961281</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395, Routledge, 2004</li>

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</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSeeck"><a href="Otto_Seeck" title="Otto Seeck">Seeck, Otto</a>, "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Constantius_1" class="extiw external" title="s:de:RE:Constantius 1">Constantius 1</a>", <a href="Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft">Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</a>, <a href="https://archive.org/details/PaulysReal-encyclopadieDerClassischenAltertumswissenschaftVolume7/page/n261/mode/2up" class="extiw external" title="iarchive:PaulysReal-encyclopadieDerClassischenAltertumswissenschaftVolume7/page/n261/mode/2up">volume 7</a> (IV.1), Metzlerscher Verlag (Stuttgart, 1900), columns 1040–1043.</cite></li>

<li>Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=1178">http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-806 (J. Lenaghan)</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-barnes-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barnes_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnes_2-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarnes1982" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barnes-new-empire">The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 4, 35. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674280670">10.4159/harvard.9780674280670</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-674-28066-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ODB-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODB_3-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFGregory1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="Timothy_E._Gregory" title="Timothy E. Gregory">Gregory, Timothy E.</a> (1991), <a href="Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander P.</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/524/mode/1up">"Constantius Chlorus"</a>, <a href="Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 524–525, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris227-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris227_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris227_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, p. 227.

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-names-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-names_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-names_7-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSalway1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Benet_Salway" title="Benet Salway">Salway, Benet</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/114213/1/SalwayJRS1994.pdf">"What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700"</a> (PDF). <a href="Journal_of_Roman_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Roman Studies">Journal of Roman Studies</a>. 84: 124–145. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F300873">10.2307/300873</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/300873">300873</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162435434">162435434</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-odla-9"><a href="#cite_ref-odla_9-0">^</a> After his re-conquering of Roman Britain, he was given the title 'Redditor Lucis Aeternae', meaning 'The Restorer of Ethernal Light'.<cite id="CITEREFBondNicholson2018" class="citation cs2">Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/files/248046167/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity_cosmology.pdf">"Constantius I"</a> (PDF), The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi>, retrieved 25 August 2020, <q>the nickname Chlorus (Green) is not older than the 6th century</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> W.S. Hanson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf">"Roman campaigns north of the Forth-Clyde isthmus: the evidence of the temporary camps"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175614/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf">Archived</a> 5 September 2018 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavis2015" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Raymond (22 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1790">"Constantius I, Flavius Valerius, Roman emperor"</a>. Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1790">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1790</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdahl201040-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdahl201040_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdahl2010">Odahl 2010</a>, p. 40.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Murray221-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray221_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1999">Murray 1999</a>, p. 221

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMwIiAgAAQBAJpgPA30_30]-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMwIiAgAAQBAJpgPA30_30]_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMwIiAgAAQBAJpgPA30_30]_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes2011">Barnes 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwIiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">30</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, Life of Claudius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Claudius*.html#13">13</a>. <a href="LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, Life of Claudius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Claudius*.html#13">1 (note 1)</a>. <a href="LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Southern, p. 172

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBondNicholson2018" class="citation cs2">Bond, Sarah; Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/files/248046167/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity_cosmology.pdf">"Constantius I"</a> (PDF), The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi>, retrieved 25 August 2020</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Potter,_pg._288-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._288_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._288_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._288_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_pg._288_21-3">d</a> Potter, p. 288

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris228-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris228_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesMartindaleMorris228_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesMartindaleMorris">Jones, Martindale & Morris</a>, p. 228.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, Life of Probus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Probus*.html#22">22:3</a>. <a href="LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. p. 16

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Potter, p. 280

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._142-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._142_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._142_26-1">b</a> Southern, p. 142

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DiMaio,_Constantine_I_Chlorus-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiMaio,_Constantine_I_Chlorus_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiMaio,_Constantine_I_Chlorus_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiMaio,_Constantine_I_Chlorus_27-2">c</a> DiMaio, Constantine I Chlorus

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._145-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._145_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._145_28-1">b</a> Southern, p. 145

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Birley, p. 382

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._147-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._147_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._147_30-1">b</a> Southern, p. 147

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWoolf2003" class="citation cs2">Woolf, Greg (2003), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qO54sAEvDL4C&pg=PA224">The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World</a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 224, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521827751</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Birley, p. 385

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1867" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Leonhard_Schmitz" title="Leonhard Schmitz">Schmitz, Leonhard</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;idno=acl3129.0001.001;q1=demosthenes;size=l;frm=frameset;seq=147">"Allectus"</a>. In <a href="William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">William Smith</a> (ed.). <a href="Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a>. Vol. 1. Boston: <a href="Little%2C_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. p. 132.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._149-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._149_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._149_34-1">b</a> Southern, pg. 149

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Birley, p. 387

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Birley, pp. 385–386

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._150-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._150_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._150_37-1">b</a> Southern, p. 150

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Birley, p. 388

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, Liber de Caesaribus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39">39</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Potter, p. 292

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=1227">http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-855 ((K. Dahmen, M. Maischberger, C. Blümel)</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Birley, p. 393

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Birley, p. 405

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Eutropius, Breviarum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031222152525/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#23">9.23</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/military/battles-of-the-third-century.php">UNRV History: Battle of the Third Century AD</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Southern,_pg._152-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._152_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._152_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._152_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southern,_pg._152_46-3">d</a> Southern, pg. 152

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Birley, p. 373

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Potter, p. 338

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Potter, p. 339; Southern, p. 168

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Potter, p. 344

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Potter, p. 340

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Potter, p. 342

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Southern, p. 169

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Southern, p. 170; Eutropius, Breviarum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031019084032/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans10.html#1">10.1</a>; Aurelius Victor, <a href="Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">39</a>; Zosimus, Historia Nova <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus02_book2.htm">2</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Birley, p. 406

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Consularia Constantinopolitana 306, in <a href="Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica" title="Monumenta Germaniae Historica">Monumenta Germaniae Historica</a> ant. 11: <a href="https://archive.org/details/chronicaminorasa09momm/page/231/mode/1up" class="extiw external" title="iarchive:chronicaminorasa09momm/page/231/mode/1up">Chronica Minora</a> Vol. 1 (<a href="Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> ed., 1892) p. 231. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0656631308</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Potter, pg. 346

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Eutropius, Breviarum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031019084032/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans10.html#1">10.1–2</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, Breviarum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031222152525/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#22">9.22</a>; <a href="Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, Historia Nova <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus02_book2.htm">2</a>; Exerpta Valesiana <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Excerpta_Valesiana/1*.html#2a">1.2</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a>, Vita Constantini <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.i.xiii.html">1.13–18</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a>, Historia Anglorum <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_English/Book_1#37" class="extiw external" title="s:History of the English/Book 1">1.37</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, <a href="Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_5#6" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:History of the Kings of Britain/Book 5">5.6</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes19813–4-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes19813–4_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1981">Barnes 1981</a>, pp. 3–4.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mommy-64"><a href="#cite_ref-mommy_64-0">^</a> <a href="Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a> (<abbr title="Traditional attribution">attrib.</abbr>). <a href="Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> (<abbr title="Editor">ed.</abbr>). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Historia_Brittonum" class="extiw external" title="s:la:Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum.</a> Composed after AD 830. (in Latin) Hosted at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Main_Page" class="extiw external" title="s:la:Main Page">Latin Wikisource</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-shusher-65"><a href="#cite_ref-shusher_65-0">^</a> Newman, John Henry & al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459">Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321234154/http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Lives-of-the-English-Saints-St-Gilbert-Prior-of-Sempringham-Volume-3/527392/459">Archived</a> 21 March 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> James Toovey (London), 1844.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nashford-66"><a href="#cite_ref-nashford_66-0">^</a> Ford, David Nash. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html">The 28 Cities of Britain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415120312/http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html">Archived</a> 2016-04-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at Britannia. 2000.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> 27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li>

<li><a href="Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li>

<li><a href="Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li>

<li><a href="Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li>

<li><a href="Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li>

<li><a href="Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li>

<li><a href="Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li>

<li><a href="Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li>

<li><a href="Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li>

<li><a href="Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li>

<li><a href="Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li>

<li><a href="Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li>

<li><a href="Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li>

<li><a href="Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li>

<li><a href="Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li>

<li><a href="Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li>

<li><a href="Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li>

<li><a href="Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li>

<li><a href="Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li>

<li><a href="Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li>

<li><a href="Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li>

<li><a href="Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li>

<li><a href="Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li>

<li><a href="Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li>

<li><a href="Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> 284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li>

<li><a href="Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li>

<li><a href="Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li>

<li><a href="Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li>

<li><a href="Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li>

<li><a href="Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li>

<li><a href="Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li>

<li><a href="Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li>

<li><a href="Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li>

<li><a href="Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li>

<li><a href="Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li>

<li><a href="Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li>

<li><a href="Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li>

<li><a href="Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li>

<li><a href="Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li>

<li><a href="Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li>

<li><a href="Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li>

<li><a href="Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li>

<li><a href="Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li>

<li><a href="Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li>

<li><a href="Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li>

<li><a href="Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li>

<li><a href="Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li>

<li><a href="Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li>

<li><a href="Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li>

<li><a href="Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li>

<li><a href="Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li>

<li><a href="Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li>

<li><a href="Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li>

<li><a href="Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li>

<li><a href="Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a> (w. <a href="Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="Romanos_Lekapenos_(grandson_of_Romanos_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Lekapenos (grandson of Romanos I)">Romanos</a> (?), <a href="Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li>

<li><a href="John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li>

<li><a href="John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li>

<li><a href="John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li>

<li><a href="John_IV_Laskaris" class="mw-redirect" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna</a>)</li>

<li><a href="John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="Matthew_Kantakouzenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (271–273)</li>

<li><a href="Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illyrians208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Illyrians208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albani</a></li>

<li><a href="Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li>

<li><a href="Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li>

<li><a href="Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a>

<ul><li><a href="Docleatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Docleatae">Docleatai</a></li>

<li><a href="Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atintanians" title="Atintanians">Atintanians</a></li>

<li><a href="Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a></li>

<li><a href="Azali_(tribe)" title="Azali (tribe)">Azali</a></li>

<li><a href="Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li>

<li><a href="Baridustae" title="Baridustae">Baridustae</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassanitae</a></li>

<li><a href="Breuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Breuci">Breuci</a></li>

<li><a href="Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li>

<li><a href="Daesitiates" title="Daesitiates">Daesitiates</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalmatae" title="Dalmatae">Dalmatae</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tariotes" title="Tariotes">Tariotes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorsi</a></li>

<li><a href="Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a>

<ul><li><a href="Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a></li>

<li><a href="Thunatae" title="Thunatae">Thuantai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li>

<li><a href="Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelei</a></li>

<li><a href="Illyrian_Eneti" title="Illyrian Eneti">Eneti</a></li>

<li><a href="Grabaei" title="Grabaei">Grabaei</a></li>

<li><a href="Iapodes" title="Iapodes">Iapodes</a></li>

<li><a href="Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daunians" title="Daunians">Dauni</a></li>

<li><a href="Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapi</a></li>

<li><a href="Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peuceti</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mazaei" title="Mazaei">Mazaei</a></li>

<li><a href="Narensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Narensi">Narensi</a></li>

<li><a href="Osseriates" title="Osseriates">Osseriates</a></li>

<li><a href="Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li>

<li><a href="Penestae_(tribe)" title="Penestae (tribe)">Penestae</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirustae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirustae">Pirustae</a></li>

<li><a href="Sardiatae" title="Sardiatae">Sardiatae</a></li>

<li><a href="Siculotae" title="Siculotae">Siculotae</a></li>

<li><a href="Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abroi" title="Abroi">Abroi</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agron_of_Illyria" title="Agron of Illyria">Agron</a></li>

<li><a href="Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I Dicorus</a></li>

<li><a href="Artas_of_Messapia" title="Artas of Messapia">Artas of Messapia</a></li>

<li><a href="Astius" title="Astius">Astius</a></li>

<li><a href="Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a></li>

<li><a href="Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballaios" title="Ballaios">Ballaios</a></li>

<li><a href="Baraliris" title="Baraliris">Baraliris</a></li>

<li><a href="Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a></li>

<li><a href="Bardylis_II" title="Bardylis II">Bardylis II</a></li>

<li><a href="Bato_the_Breucian" title="Bato the Breucian">Bato the Breucian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bato_the_Daesitiate" title="Bato the Daesitiate">Bato the Daesitiate</a></li>

<li><a href="Bato_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Bato (Dardanian chieftain)">Bato Dardani</a></li>

<li><a href="Bircenna" title="Bircenna">Bircenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Caeria" title="Caeria">Caeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li>

<li><a href="Caravantius" title="Caravantius">Caravantius</a></li>

<li><a href="Celer_(magister_officiorum)" title="Celer (magister officiorum)">Celer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)" title="Cleitus (son of Bardylis)">Cleitus</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li>

<li><a href="Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li>

<li><a href="Cynane" title="Cynane">Cynane</a></li>

<li><a href="Dando_the_Illyrian" title="Dando the Illyrian">Dando</a></li>

<li><a href="Demetrius_of_Pharos" title="Demetrius of Pharos">Demetrius of Pharos</a></li>

<li><a href="Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li>

<li><a href="Eleutherius_and_Antia" title="Eleutherius and Antia">Eleutherius and Antia</a></li>

<li><a href="Epulon" title="Epulon">Epulon</a></li>

<li><a href="Etuta" title="Etuta">Etuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Flavianus_(prefect_of_Egypt)" title="Flavianus (prefect of Egypt)">Flavianus</a></li>

<li><a href="Galaurus" title="Galaurus">Galaurus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a></li>

<li><a href="Glaucias_of_Taulantii" title="Glaucias of Taulantii">Glaucias of Taulantii</a></li>

<li><a href="Grabos_I" title="Grabos I">Grabos I</a></li>

<li><a href="Grabos_II" title="Grabos II">Grabos II</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus Funarius</a></li>

<li><a href="Irenaeus_of_Sirmium" title="Irenaeus of Sirmium">Irenaeus of Sirmium</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>

<li><a href="Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li>

<li><a href="Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li>

<li><a href="Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li>

<li><a href="Longarus" title="Longarus">Longarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a></li>

<li><a href="Monounios" title="Monounios">Monounios</a></li>

<li><a href="Monunius_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Monunius (Dardanian chieftain)">Monunius</a></li>

<li><a href="Mytilos" title="Mytilos">Mytilos</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_the_Patrician" title="Peter the Patrician">Peter the Patrician</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinnes_(Ardiaean)" title="Pinnes (Ardiaean)">Pinnes</a></li>

<li><a href="Plator" title="Plator">Plator</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleuratus_I" title="Pleuratus I">Pleuratus I</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleuratus_II" title="Pleuratus II">Pleuratus II</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleuratus_III" title="Pleuratus III">Pleuratus III</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleurias" title="Pleurias">Pleurias</a></li>

<li><a href="Scerdilaidas" title="Scerdilaidas">Scerdilaidas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sirras" title="Sirras">Sirras</a></li>

<li><a href="Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li>

<li><a href="Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Triteuta" title="Triteuta">Triteuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaean</a>-<a href="Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatan</a></li>

<li><a href="Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatan</a></li>

<li><a href="Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretan</a></li>

<li><a href="Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelean</a></li>

<li><a href="Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Illyria" title="Illyria">Geography</a> (<a href="List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">cities/settlements</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kotor" title="Kotor">Acruvium (Kotor)</a></li>

<li>Ad Acroceraunia</li>

<li><a href="Ad_Quintum" title="Ad Quintum">Ad Quintum</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a></li>

<li><a href="Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li>

<li><a href="Andetrium" title="Andetrium">Andetrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Antipatreia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipatreia">Antipatreia</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Arduba" title="Arduba">Arduba</a></li>

<li>Arnissa</li>

<li><a href="Split%2C_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Aspalathos (Split)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li>

<li><a href="Bargulum" title="Bargulum">Bargulum</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassania</a></li>

<li><a href="Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></li>

<li><a href="Budva" title="Budva">Bouthoe</a></li>

<li><a href="Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bushat" title="Bushat">Bushat</a></li>

<li><a href="Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinna_(Dardania)" title="Chinna (Dardania)">Chinna</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrysondyon" title="Chrysondyon">Chrysondyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Creonion" title="Creonion">Creonion</a></li>

<li><a href="Damastion" title="Damastion">Damastion</a></li>

<li><a href="Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorson</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neretva#Cultural_and_historical_significance" title="Neretva">Lower Neretva</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dardana_Fortress" title="Dardana Fortress">Dardana Fortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Delminium" title="Delminium">Delminium</a></li>

<li><a href="Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a> (Lower Neretva)</li>

<li><a href="Dimale" title="Dimale">Dimale</a></li>

<li><a href="Doclea_(Illyria)" title="Doclea (Illyria)">Doclea</a></li>

<li><a href="Doracium" title="Doracium">Doracium</a></li>

<li><a href="Dresnik_archaeological_site" title="Dresnik archaeological site">Dresnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Duboc_Fortress" title="Duboc Fortress">Duboc</a></li>

<li><a href="Dukat%2C_Albania" title="Dukat, Albania">Dukat</a></li>

<li><a href="Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus</a> (<a href="Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>)</li>

<li>Enkelana</li>

<li><a href="Epicaria" title="Epicaria">Epicaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenium" title="Eugenium">Eugenium</a></li>

<li><a href="Gertus" title="Gertus">Gertus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hedum_castellum" title="Hedum castellum">Hedum castellum</a></li>

<li><a href="Maliq" title="Maliq">Hija e Korbit</a></li>

<li>Iader or Idassa (<a href="Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Kinna_(Illyria)" title="Kinna (Illyria)">Kinna</a></li>

<li><a href="Kodrion" title="Kodrion">Kodrion</a></li>

<li><a href="Kratul" title="Kratul">Kratul</a></li>

<li><a href="Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lissus</a> (<a href="Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Lofk%C3%ABnd" title="Lofkënd">Lofkënd</a></li>

<li><a href="Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Lychnidus</a></li>

<li>Matohasanaj</li>

<li><a href="Medun" title="Medun">Meteon</a></li>

<li><a href="Osijek" title="Osijek">Mursa (Osijek)</a></li>

<li><a href="Nareste" title="Nareste">Nareste</a></li>

<li>Nikadin</li>

<li><a href="Nikaia%2C_Illyria" title="Nikaia, Illyria">Nikaia</a> (Klos)</li>

<li><a href="Oneum" title="Oneum">Oneum</a></li>

<li><a href="Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a></li>

<li><a href="Palaeste" title="Palaeste">Palaeste</a></li>

<li><a href="Parthus" title="Parthus">Parthus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelion_(Illyria)" title="Pelion (Illyria)">Pelion</a></li>

<li><a href="Persqopi_Castle" title="Persqopi Castle">Persqopi</a></li>

<li><a href="Petra_(Illyria)" title="Petra (Illyria)">Petra</a></li>

<li><a href="Pituntium" title="Pituntium">Pituntium</a></li>

<li><a href="Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a> (<a href="Pogradec_Castle" title="Pogradec Castle">Castle</a>)</li>

<li>Poslishte</li>

<li><a href="Promona" title="Promona">Promona</a></li>

<li>Rabije</li>

<li><a href="Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhizon" title="Rhizon">Rhizon</a></li>

<li><a href="Romaj%C3%AB" title="Romajë">Romajë</a></li>

<li><a href="Runik" title="Runik">Runik</a></li>

<li><a href="Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvia%2C_Liburnia" title="Salvia, Liburnia">Salvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Scampa (Elbasan)</a></li>

<li><a href="Selc%C3%AB_e_Poshtme" title="Selcë e Poshtme">Selcë e Poshtme</a></li>

<li><a href="Sesarethus" title="Sesarethus">Sesarethus</a></li>

<li><a href="Setovia" title="Setovia">Setovia</a></li>

<li><a href="Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scodra (Shkodër)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilurium" title="Tilurium">Tilurium</a></li>

<li><a href="Trogir" title="Trogir">Tragurion (Trogir)</a></li>

<li><a href="Triport%2C_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Triport, Vlorë">Triport</a></li>

<li><a href="Cangonj_Pass" title="Cangonj Pass">Tsangon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulkinium</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulpiana" title="Ulpiana">Ulpiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Uscana" title="Uscana">Uscana</a></li>

<li><a href="Vendenis" title="Vendenis">Vendenis</a></li>

<li><a href="Zg%C3%ABrdhesh" title="Zgërdhesh">Zgërdhesh</a> (? <a href="Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_Bosnian_cultural_group" title="Central Bosnian cultural group">Central Bosnian cultural group</a></li>

<li><a href="Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">Coinage</a></li>

<li><a href="Daunian_stele" title="Daunian stele">Daunian stele</a></li>

<li><a href="Illyrian_education" title="Illyrian education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Illyrian_fibulae" title="Illyrian fibulae">Fibulae</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasinac-Mati_culture" title="Glasinac-Mati culture">Glasinac-Mati culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate" title="Gradistë belt-plate">Gradistë belt-plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Saraceno" title="Mount Saraceno">Monte Saraceno woman</a></li>

<li><a href="Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li>

<li>Pottery

<ul><li><a href="Daunian_pottery" title="Daunian pottery">Daunian</a></li>

<li><a href="Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a></li>

<li><a href="Messapian_pottery" title="Messapian pottery">Messapian</a></li>

<li><a href="Peucetian_pottery" title="Peucetian pottery">Peucetian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soleto_Map" title="Soleto Map">Soleto Map</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectacle_brooch" title="Spectacle brooch">Spectacle brooch</a></li>

<li>Tombs

<ul><li><a href="Illyrian_tombs_in_Boka-P%C3%ABr%C3%A7eva" title="Illyrian tombs in Boka-Përçeva">Boka-Përçeva</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Selca e Poshtme</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trebeni%C5%A1ta" title="Trebeništa">Trebeništa masks</a></li>

<li><a href="Va%C4%8De_Belt-Plate" title="Vače Belt-Plate">Vače Belt-Plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Va%C4%8De_Situla" title="Vače Situla">Vače Situla</a></li>

<li>Tattooing

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Albanian traditional tattooing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicanje" title="Sicanje">Sicanje</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion and mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Religion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Andinus" title="Andinus">Andinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Bindus_(Illyrian_god)" title="Bindus (Illyrian god)">Bindus</a></li>

<li><a href="Deipaturos" title="Deipaturos">Deipaturos</a>

<li><a href="Medaurus" title="Medaurus">Medaurus</a></li>

<li><a href="Per%C3%ABndi" title="Perëndi">Perëndi</a></li>

<li><a href="Prende" title="Prende">Prende</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomorr" title="Tomorr">Tomorr</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">Nymphaion</a></li>

<li><a href="Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Illyrian_warfare" title="Illyrian warfare">Warfare</a> and <a href="Illyrian_weaponry" title="Illyrian weaponry">weaponry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Illyrian_invasion_of_Epirus" title="Illyrian invasion of Epirus">Illyrian invasion of Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander's_Balkan_campaign" title="Alexander's Balkan campaign">Alexander's Balkan campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Pelium" title="Siege of Pelium">Siege of Pelium</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dardanian%E2%80%93Bastarnic_war" title="Dardanian–Bastarnic war">Dardanian–Bastarnic war</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasions_of_Epidamnus" title="Invasions of Epidamnus">Invasions of Epidamnus</a></li>

<li><a href="Illyro-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Roman-Macedonian wars</a></li>

<li>Battles

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Erigon_Valley" title="Battle of Erigon Valley">Erigon Valley</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Lyncestis" title="Battle of Lyncestis">Lyncestis</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Paxos" title="Battle of Paxos">Paxos</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pharos" title="Battle of Pharos">Pharos</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Phoenice" title="Battle of Phoenice">Phoenice</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roman%E2%80%93Dalmatian_wars" title="Roman–Dalmatian wars">Roman–Dalmatian wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Caesar's_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Batonian War</a></li>

<li><a href="Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo shipyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Illyrian_type_helmet" title="Illyrian type helmet">Helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembus" title="Lembus">Lembus</a></li>

<li><a href="Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li>

<li><a href="Sibyna" title="Sibyna">Sibyna</a></li>

<li>Sieges

<li><a href="Siege_of_Medion" title="Siege of Medion">Medion</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Oricum" title="Siege of Oricum">Oricum</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proposed_Illyrian_vocabulary" title="Proposed Illyrian vocabulary">Proposed vocabulary</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Roman period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a></li>

<li>Dioceses

<ul><li><a href="Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Dacia</a></li>

<li><a href="Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Illyricum</a></li>

<li><a href="Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Prefectures

<ul><li><a href="Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Provinces

<ul><li><a href="Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Delmatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus Nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a></li>

<li><a href="Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li>

<li><a href="Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia Prima</a></li>

<li><a href="Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Pannonia Savia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a></li>

<li><a href="Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li>

<li><a href="Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Illyrology" title="Illyrology">Illyrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a>

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian paganism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li>

<li><a href="Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory of Southeastern Europe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Illyrians" title="List of Illyrians">People</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Tribes</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian tribes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">Settlements</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Illyrian_history" title="Timeline of Illyrian history">Timeline</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2088" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2088" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078210543">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37720468">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/23572704">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1813664">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119159589">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85121423">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14088921r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14088921r">BnF data</a></li><li><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/62900">Vatican</a><ul><li><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/313774">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259793205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355677">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119159589.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119159589">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/268431442">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68670">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/4482888d-ce86-4460-a9f2-315df053da4b">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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